A 65-nm CMOS 10-GS/s 4-bit Background-Calibrated Noninterleaved Flash ADC for Radio Astronomy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a 4-bit noninterleaved single-clock-phase 10-GS/s analog-to-digital converter (ADC) fabricated in TSMC 65-nm CMOS technology. The ADC is realized using novel switched dynamic comparators (SDCs), which alleviate the clock-frequency-limiting long regeneration time in prior-art dynamic comparators, and avoid the phase-skew issue associated with time-interleaved ADCs that limits their signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) and spurious-free dynamic range. The SDC employs a reference-free topology and has no static power consumption. The trip voltage errors of the SDCs are corrected by an efficient on-chip digital background calibration technique. The noninterleaved ADC presents an estimated 100 fF of capacitance at its input, excluding bondpad capacitance, with most of it contributed by the traces leading to the ADC and the shielding structures associated with the input traces. At 10-GS/s sampling rate, the prototype ADC achieves an SNDR of 24.9 dB [3.84 effective number of bit (ENOB)], and 23.4 dB (3.59 ENOB) at low input signal frequencies and Nyquist, respectively. The chip consumes 104 mW from a 1.3 V supply. The ADC has an active area of 0.1 mm2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".