A 65-nm CMOS 10-GS/s 4-bit Background-Calibrated Noninterleaved Flash ADC for Radio Astronomy
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a 4-bit noninterleaved single-clock-phase 10-GS/s analog-to-digital converter (ADC) fabricated in TSMC 65-nm CMOS technology. The ADC is realized using novel switched dynamic comparators (SDCs), which alleviate the clock-frequency-limiting long regeneration time in prior-art dynamic comparators, and avoid the phase-skew issue associated with time-interleaved ADCs that limits their signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) and spurious-free dynamic range. The SDC employs a reference-free topology and has no static power consumption. The trip voltage errors of the SDCs are corrected by an efficient on-chip digital background calibration technique. The noninterleaved ADC presents an estimated 100 fF of capacitance at its input, excluding bondpad capacitance, with most of it contributed by the traces leading to the ADC and the shielding structures associated with the input traces. At 10-GS/s sampling rate, the prototype ADC achieves an SNDR of 24.9 dB [3.84 effective number of bit (ENOB)], and 23.4 dB (3.59 ENOB) at low input signal frequencies and Nyquist, respectively. The chip consumes 104 mW from a 1.3 V supply. The ADC has an active area of 0.1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it