Kinetics of Solvent Interactions with Asphaltenes during Coke Formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The formation of coke from asphaltenes during thermal cracking is significantly affected by both reactions with the liquid components and the solvent properties of the liquid medium. The roles of both solubility phenomena and chemical reactions were studied by reacting Athabasca asphaltenes in a closed batch reactor at 430 °C. Reactions of asphaltene in maltene at different concentrations and reactions in a series of aromatic solvents (1-methyl naphthalene, naphthalene, and tetralin) were used to investigate the role of solvent properties and hydrogen donation reactions. The most important characteristics of the liquid phase were hydrogen donating ability and the ability to initiate cracking reactions. The latter mechanism was confirmed by adding n -dodecyl sulfide as an initiator compound. A modified kinetic model for coke formation, incorporating phase separation and hydrogen transfer to the asphaltenes, was consistent with the experimental results over a range of asphaltene concentrations and solvent conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".