Immunosuppression: Cause for Failures of Vaccines against African Trypanosomiases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antibodies to the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) are required for the control of African trypanosomes infecting the blood, whereas infections of the skin by low numbers of trypanosomes are controlled by innate resistance and do not require antibodies for their control.Low numbers of trypanosomes infecting the skin, although being killed by innate resistance, do not induce protection, but enhance susceptibility to re-infections due to suppression of innate resistance by adaptive immune responses.We propose to pursue a vaccine strategy that overcomes the induction of immunosuppression but induces a Th1 imprint for protective immunity.We suggest that intradermal immunization with an optimally low dose of antigens of the whole parasite is necessary but not sufficient.We suggest that the immunization has to be accompanied by a treatment that inhibits the arginase pathway of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), but modestly enhances their inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathway to induce Th1 memory cells specific for crucial common antigens, which enhance innate resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".