Bibliographic record
Abstract
Maku is believed to have originated in Venezuela and migrated into Brazil in the 19th century though there are no longer believed to be any living speakers. Field recordings of a single adult male speaker made in 1953 and 1965 by Migliazza [1978] are used in the current project for an acoustic analysis of the phonemic vowel inventory of Maku. Early impressions of the vowel space indicate five to seven vowels: /i, ī, u, e, o, a/ as well as the areally unique /y/, with possible length and nasal/oral vowel distinctions. All vowels and their surrounding context in the original recordings were identified and coded. Vowel duration and values for the first three formants at 25%, 50%, and 75% through the vowel were extracted. Vowel categories were modeled from formant values using conditional inference trees [Hothorn et al. (2006)]. These models showed the likelihood of five vowel categories on the basis of the formant measures as well as the length of the vowel segment. Additional analyzes focus on consonantal context, word position, stress and pitch. The acoustic data are also used to reconstruct the vowel space from the bottom up without the influence of investigators’ perceptual judgment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".