Turbulent outflows from [WC]-type nuclei of planetary nebulae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using spectroscopic observations taken at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (France) and the Observatoire du mont Mégantic (Canada), we describe wind fluctuations in the [WC 8]-type central star of the planetary nebula NGC 40, HD 826, which was observed intensively during 22 nights. Moving features seen on the top of the Ciii λ5696 and Civ 5801/12 (+Ciii λ5826) emission lines are interpreted as outflowing "blobs"which are radially accelerated outwards in the Wolf-Rayet wind. The amplitudes of the variations range up to 25-30% of the adjacent continuum flux, over timescales of hours. The variabilities of both lines are quite well correlated, although they are somewhat weaker for the Civ complex. Subpeaks (or gaps) on the top of the Ciii line generally move towards the nearest line edge in a symmetric fashion in the blue and the red. Kinematic parameters of the blobs were derived and compared to those observed for massive and other low-mass Wolf-Rayet stars. Especially impressive are the significantly larger observed maximum radial acceleration values of the blobs, compared to those already reported for massive WC 5-9, or low-mass [WC 9] stars. This is attributed to the very small stellar radius of HD 826. In addition the β velocity field is found to possibly underestimate the true gradient within the stellar wind flow. On the whole, the wind of HD 826 is highly stochastically variable on a very short time-scale. This supports a turbulent origin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".