Use of Natural Coralline Biomaterials As Reinforcing and Gas-Forming Agent for Developing Novel Hybrid Biomatrices: Microarchitectural and Mechanical Studies
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes the first attempt in fabrication of three-dimensional macroporous composites of chitosan and natural coralline material with pore sizes of 300-400 microm, exceeding the upper pore size limit of 250 microm obtained with freeze-dried chitosan-based scaffolds. Natural coral particulates of less than 20 microm, which is mainly composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), was simultaneously used as reinforcing phase and gas-forming agent to obtain a structure with large pores and improved mechanical and biological properties. The reaction between the coralline material and the acidic chitosan polymer solvent, which produced carbon dioxide, was rapidly stopped by the subsequent thermally induced phase separation technique, leaving coralline particulates in the polymeric structure. Scaffolds containing five different proportions of coralline material (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 wt%) were investigated. The coralline-chitosan weight ratio was studied for its effects on the physical properties of the scaffolds. The relation between scaffold microarchitecture and mechanical properties was assessed with scanning electron microscope (SEM), along with micro-CT imaging and compression testing. The scaffolds were used in bone marrow cell culturing experiments to assess the effect of composition on cell behavior through cell-material interaction and morphological observation by SEM. Higher coralline concentration increased the pore wall thickness and favored large pore formation. Varying the coralline particulate to chitosan polymer ratio from 0 to 75 wt% increased the average pore size from 80 microm to 400 microm while the porosity decreased from 91% to 78%. The compressive modulus was improved proportionally with the coralline content, and the 75 wt% composites had a significantly higher modulus than other chitosan-based scaffold groups. More cells were observed on scaffolds with higher coralline content. The cell culture experiments indicated that the scaffolds containing coralline material might have a high cell affinity, since it allowed fast cell attachment and spreading.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it