Measurements, observations and implications of moving electrical arc behavior and effect of reclosure events on overhead lines and worker protection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Characteristics of an electric arc in industrial and utility electrical equipment is dependent on many factors such as fault current level, duration of the arc, geometry of feeding conductors and electrodes, proximity of panels and other items affecting the direction or focus of the arc energy. The voltage rating of the system will affect the overall dimensions of conductor spacing which will result in higher released energy for the same fault conditions. Another factor of importance is the type of heat energy (predominately radiant or predominately convective). This can be generalized into four types: a) moving high heat flux arc in open air of overhead lines or substation buswork; b) stationary directional high heat flux arc in open air at the end of overhead line or substation buswork or transformer bushing; c) ejected directional high heat flux arc in enclosed medium voltage switchgear or cable splice failure; d) directional hot air exhaust from low heat flux arc in low voltage switchboards cabinets and motor control centers. Results of experimental testing for type (a) arc behavior and incident heat energy measurements of a moving and stationary open air arc are presented and discussed. Work practices for mitigating effect of electric arc are recommended for overhead lines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".