Metabolic costs of pursuit and attack in early larval Atlantic cod
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metabolic costs of pursuit and attack for early larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) feeding on 2 different prey types, a protozoan (Balanion sp.) and a copepod nauplius (Pseudodiaptomis sp.) were estimated from 5 to 20 d post-hatch. Parameters describing feeding patterns were determined from 3-dimensional observations using 2 orthogonal cameras. Feeding parameters were calculated using a digital image-analysis system for larvae in 3 size classes, and included pursuit duration, distance and speed for both burst and glide components, and attack duration, distance and speed. Metabolic rates were estimated for each component of pursuit and attack from the relationship between specific metabolic rate and swimming speed from previous respirometry studies on cod larvae. Estimated specific metabolic rates were used in a new model to determine specific and total energy expenditures, which incorporated each of the components of pursuit and attack. Values of total energy expenditure were used in a model to determine relative net energy gain during pursuit and attack of a larva on a protozoan and a copepod nauplius in 3 larval size classes. In Size Class 1 (5 to 6 mm total length, TL) first-feeding larval cod were small and poorly developed, had long pursuit and attack times and distances, and slow swimming speeds. In Size Classes 2 (6 to 7 mm TL) and 3 (7 to 8 mm TL) larger larvae were better developed, had shorter pursuit and attack times and distances, and faster swimming speeds. Specific metabolic rates during pursuit of a protozoan increased with increasing larval size, while specific energy expenditure decreased due to shorter pursuit times. Results from net energy gain equations showed that a cod larva gained 3 orders of magnitude more energy from consumption of a nauplius than a protozoan even though its energy expenditure during pursuit of a nauplius was 2 to 3 times that during pursuit of a protozoan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".