Influence of Surface Properties and Characteristics on Fouling in Plate Heat Exchangers
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The scope of the present work was to investigate the influence of surface properties of corrugated heat exchanger plates on calcium sulpate crystallization fouling from aqueous salt solutions. The applied surface treatment technologies for the heat exchanger plates are ion beam implantation, ion sputtering, carbo-nitriding & oxidizing, and Ni-P-PTFE coating. Ten pairs of Alfa Laval M3 heat exchanger plates were treated with these techniques and used for this study. Other process parameters such as temperature, solution composition, flow velocity, and the corrugation inclination angle of the plates were kept constant in order to allow for a comparison between the different surface treatments. To evaluate the influence of surface roughness on CaSO4 crystallization fouling, one pair of plates was electropolished. Surface energy and surface roughness measurements were carried out to characterize the treated surfaces. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The majority of the above investigations have been performed within the framework of EC Project JOULE III (JOE3-CT97-0058) and EPSRC Project. The authors wish to state their appreciation for the financial support. Heat exchanger plates have been provided by Alfa Laval, Lund.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it