“Exposing Yourself a Second Time”: Visual Repatriation in Scandinavian Sápmi
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Like many other indigenous peoples, the Sami were represented in anthropological photographs that were thought to record scientific data about their “race.” This article addresses four case studies from Scandinavian Sápmi in which Sami individuals use photographs drawn from anthropological collections to bring forth counternarratives to “official” history, ensuring personal and community continuity through a form of active remembering. I argue for the reading of these case studies through the frame of visual repatriation. What is repatriated in these initiatives is not necessarily the physical photographs themselves but rather elements of history, memory, and identity that are associated with the images. Many indigenous peoples were forcibly disconnected from their own histories through forms of colonization. These Sami initiatives highlight how a connection to historical photographs that contain traces of a difficult past can be empowering. The study reinforces the importance of access to and control of these collections for source communities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".