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Record W2069675598 · doi:10.1109/mspec.2004.1330804

Seven seas sop up CO/sub 2/ [CO/sub 2/ in the oceans]

2004· article· en· W2069675598 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueIEEE Spectrum · 2004
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEarth and Planetary Sciences
TopicOcean Acidification Effects and Responses
Canadian institutionsYork University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCarbon dioxideCarbonateCalcium carbonateAtmosphere (unit)IonCarbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphereSeawaterCompounds of carbonCarbonate IonEnvironmental scienceCalciumCarbon fibersChemistryEnvironmental chemistryMineralogyOceanographyMeteorologyChemical reactionMaterials scienceGeologyPhysics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Oceanographers and atmospheric scientists were pretty sure that the oceans must have taken up most of the missing CO/sub 2/, but it is only with the completion of the latest study that this belief is confirmed by solid empirical evidence. The major findings are, first, that nearly half of the carbon dioxide that humans have pumped into the atmosphere over the last 200 years has been absorbed by the oceans, and, second, that the rising CO/sub 2/ concentrations could start to have empirically filling a link in the general model of where CO/sub 2/ originates and where it ends up, is that between 1800 and 1994, the ocean absorbed 48 percent of total CO/sub 2/ emissions serious adverse effects on some marine life. In the case of the oceans, increasing the CO/sub 2/concentration boosts acidity, which is neutralized when CO/sub 2/reacts with calcium carbonate and water to form ions of HCO/sub 3/ and calcium. And the reverse is true as well, with the ions reacting to form CO/sub 2/, water, and calcium carbonate. In the face of increased acidity from rising CO/sub 2/levels, the ocean tries to maintain its equilibrium by increasing the rate of reaction in the direction of making more ions. But that means consuming more calcium carbonate, which unfortunately for ocean life is the stuff of bone, shell, and coral.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.324
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.002

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.015
GPT teacher head0.237
Teacher spread0.223 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it