“Zeptofarad” (10−21 F) resolution capacitance sensor for scanning capacitance microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We describe a sensor for use in a scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) that is capable of “zeptofarad” (10−21 F) capacitance measurement resolution in a 1 Hz bandwidth with a peak-to-peak sense voltage on the probe tip of no more than 300 mV. This sensitivity is based on experimental data and simulation results that are in excellent agreement. The complete sensor incorporates an oscillator (phase locked to a 10 MHz crystal oscillator), a coupled transmission line resonator, an amplifier, and a peak detector. The resonator is fabricated from copper-clad, low-loss dielectric material and its size is such that it is easily incorporated with a scanning probe microscope. The sensor’s use in the SCM enables capacitance resolution that has not previously been possible while retaining the instrumental advantages of imaging at low sense voltages. The performance of this sensor is discussed and compared to alternative scanning capacitance microscopy methodologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".