The impact of including diffraction when predicting the effect of listener environment on the perceived loudness of outdoor sonic booms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The human impact of sonic booms varies with listening environment. Given the incident sonic boom waveform, the specular field around a realistic geometry has been predicted via a C++ implementation of image source method (ISM) tailored to this outdoor application. This work explores the necessity of including the diffracted field when predicting time series and perceived loudness (PLdB), both in and out of the shadow zone. The impulsive nature of the excitation, and the sensitivity of the PLdB to temporal details, constrains appropriate diffraction modeling techniques to those capable of time domain accuracy. Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD) and Biot Tolstoy Medwin (BTM) models are considered, exploring the benefits and challenges of each approach, particularly with regards to scalability and bandwidth. The importance of accurately predicting diffraction for this application is evaluated through comparison with booms recorded around a building corresponding to the simulated geometry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".