A survey of the presence and morphology of orbicules in European allergenic angiosperms. Background information for allergen research
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Allergenic activity in the atmospheric aerosol of small particles in the size range of a few micrometres or less may play an important role in causing allergic reactions in the lower regions of the lungs, often seen in pollinosis. Orbicules (= Ubisch bodies) are small, mostly spherical granules of sporopollenin, which can occur on the radial and innermost tangential wall of secretory tapetum cells. In instances where orbicules of allergenic species are dispersed into the atmosphere, they may act as effective vectors of allergens. We investigated the presence and morphology of orbicules in 15 allergenic species using scanning electron microscopy. Orbicules were present in all species investigated of the families Betulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fagaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, and Urticaceae. In the species of the Asteraceae and Oleaceae studied, orbicules were lacking. Almost all orbicules observed were spiny. Their mean diameters range from 0.342 to 1.130 μm. Orbicules can be part of the fraction of small particles in the size range of a few micrometres or less, emitted from the anthers. Our results clearly indicate that a thorough investigation of the sites of allergens across the whole anther is required to reveal whether or not these orbicules possess allergens.Key words: allergenic plants, allergen research, morphology, orbicules.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".