The Immune Response to Autologous Bacteroides in Ankylosing Spondylitis Is Characterized by Reduced Interleukin 10 Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Ileocolitis is a recognized feature of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and is likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of AS, in conjunction with the normal intestinal microbiota. In order to investigate the host immune response in AS, we measured cytokines in tissue culture following exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to autologous colonic bacteria. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with AS and 21 matched controls were recruited. Subjects in the AS group were assessed clinically. Bacteroides species belonging to the B. fragilis group were selectively cultured from stool samples and paired with blood samples from each participant. Ten cultures of autologous Bacteroides were randomly selected from cultures grown from the fecal specimens of each of the 21 patients with AS and 21 controls. These were then tested for reactivity with PBMC and the cytokines produced by proliferating lymphocytes [interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-17, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha] were measured in cell culture supernatants. Differences between groups were analyzed using censored normal regression analysis. RESULTS: The patients with AS had severe active AS with Bath AS Disease Activity Index 5.5 (+/-1.6) and C-reactive protein (mg/l) 13.8 (+/-12.2) (mean+/-standard deviation). IL-10 concentrations in ex vivo assay supernatants were lower in the AS group compared with controls (p=0.047). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for other cytokines. CONCLUSION: In AS, reduced IL-10 production in response to stimulation with autologous Bacteroides cultures may represent a mechanism by which intestinal inflammation develops and persists, a situation analogous to inflammatory bowel disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".