Bibliographic record
Abstract
Within certain limits, speech intelligibility is preserved with upward or downward scaling of the spectral envelope. To study these limits and assess their interaction with fundamental frequency (F0), vowels in /hVd/ syllables were processed using the STRAIGHT vocoder and presented to listeners for identification. Identification accuracy showed a gradual decline when the spectral envelope was scaled up or down in vowels spoken by men, women, and children. Upward spectral envelope shifts led to poorer identification of children's vowels compared to adults, while downward shifts had a greater impact on men's vowels compared to women and children. Coordinated shifts (F0 and spectral envelope shifted in the same direction) generally produced higher accuracy than conditions with F0 and spectral envelope shifted in opposite directions. Vowel identification was poorest in conditions with very high F0, consistent with suggestions from the literature that sparse sampling of the spectral envelope may be a factor in vowel identification. However, the gradual decline in accuracy as a function of both upward and downward spectral envelope shifts and the interaction between spectral envelope shifts and F0 suggests the additional operation of perceptual mechanisms sensitive to the statistical covariation of F0 and formant frequencies in natural speech.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".