Effects on the Reactivity by Changing the Electrophilic Center from CO to CS: Contrasting Reactivity of Hydroxide, <i>p</i>‐Chlorophenoxide, and Butan‐2,3‐dione Monoximate in DMSO/H<sub>2</sub>O Mixtures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Second-order rate constants have been measured spectrophotometrically for the reactions of O-p-nitrophenyl thionobenzoate (1, PNPTB) with HO(-), butan-2,3-dione monoximate (Ox(-), alpha-nucleophile), and p-chlorophenoxide (p-ClPhO(-), normal nucleophile) in DMSO/H(2)O of varying mixtures at (25.0+/-0.1) degrees C. Reactivity of these nucleophiles significantly increases with increasing DMSO content. HO(-) is less reactive than p-ClPhO(-) toward 1 up to 70 mol % DMSO although HO(-) is over six pK(a) units more basic in these media. Ox(-) is more reactive than p-ClPhO(-) in all media studied, indicating that the alpha-effect is in effect. The magnitude of the alpha-effect (i.e., k(Ox(-) )/k(p) (-ClPhO(-) )) increases with the DMSO content up to 50 mol % DMSO and decreases beyond that point. However, the dependency of the alpha-effect profile on the solvent for reactions of 1 contrasts to that reported previously for the corresponding reactions of p-nitrophenyl benzoate (2, PNPB); reactions of 1 result in much smaller alpha-effects than those of 2. Breakdown of the alpha-effect into ground-state (GS) and transition-state (TS) effects shows that the GS effect is not responsible for the alpha-effect across the solvent mixtures. The role of the solvent has been discussed on the basis of the bell-shaped alpha-effect profiles found in the current study as well as in our previous studies, that is, a GS effect in the H(2)O-rich region through H-bonding interactions and a TS effect in the DMSO-rich media through mutual polarizability interactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".