Analysis of Spanish populations of <i>Ophiostoma ulmi</i> and <i>O. novo‐ulmi</i> using phenotypic characteristics and RAPD markers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One hundred and six isolates of the Dutch elm disease (DED) fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi were collected from elm trees with symptoms in 15 regions of Spain. Isolates were compared with eight reference strains belonging to O. ulmi and the two subspecies of O. novo‐ulmi. The purpose of this study was to assign Spanish isolates to species and subspecies of the DED fungi and to analyse the genetic variability within the Spanish populations of these pathogens. Isolates were examined for their growth rates, colony morphologies and fertility responses and by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Six isolates were identified as O. ulmi , 16 as O. novo‐ulmi ssp. novo‐ulmi and 78 as O. novo‐ulmi ssp. americana . Nei's and Shannon's diversity indices and the upgma dendrogram from RAPD profiles indicated a high level of variation among isolates, probably reflecting post‐epidemic status of DED in Spain. Although most isolates were separated into three major clusters representing the three taxa of DED fungi in the RAPD analysis, two isolates from central Spain clustered between O. novo‐ulmi ssp. americana and O. novo‐ulmi ssp. novo‐ulmi , and four isolates from Mallorca clustered between O. ulmi and the group representing O. novo‐ulmi ssp. novo‐ulmi . Mating tests conducted with these isolates revealed a variety of fertility responses. The novel combinations between molecular profile and fertility reaction suggest that three isolates from Mallorca may be interspecific hybrids of the DED fungi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".