Le droit international économique face aux défis des subventions à l’exportation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
L’encadrement juridique des subventions à l’exportation dans le cadre des négociations commerciales multilatérales est entaché par le péché originel de l’impunité et du traitement juridique différencié entre les subventions à l’exportation des produits primaires et des produits autres que primaires. De ce fait, bien que le principe de leur prohibition soit aujourd’hui admis, l’élimination totale de ces pratiques jugées déloyales par le droit de l’omc reste encore un voeu pieux. La preuve en est que les efforts en vue de leur démantèlement sont sans impact substantiel sur les politiques des États membres. Cet article décrit l’évolution de ce processus et lève le voile sur les critères qui fondent la prohibition des subventions à l’exportation par une analyse essentiellement juridique d’une mesure de distorsion habituellement commentée par des économistes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".