Bibliographic record
Abstract
A calcium phosphate amorphous to x-ray diffraction (ACP) exists in bone mineral in addition to the main bone apatite component, such as hydroxyapatite (HA). Experimental studies found that ACP has definite local atomic order and contains microcrystallites about 9.5 Å in extent rather than a random network structure. Experimental evidence indicates that Posner’s cluster (PC), Ca9(PO4)6, could be the basic component of ACP. In addition, it is present in various simulated body fluids and could be the growth unit of HA. In the transformation from ACP to HA, ACP need only dissociate into the clusters rather than undergo complete ionic solvation. Although PC could bridge the biologically important gap between ACP and HA, the form it is likely to take in body fluids is not known. In this study, we have performed ab initio density functional calculations to investigate the structure and stability of PC alone in vacuum and in the presence of H+, OH−, Na+, and Cl− ions mimicing the interaction with water and other constituents of body fluids. We find that the cluster with C1 symmetry is the most stable isomer in vacuum. The interaction of PC with sodium ions and especially with protons leads to a great increase in its stability and surprisingly, the cluster with six protons and six OH− recovers the C3 symmetry and similar atomic arrangement it has as a structural unit in HA crystal. This may be a key factor in the transformation from ACP to HA crystal.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".