Effect of Weathering on Surface Characteristics of Solids and Bitumen from Oil Sands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of weathering on the surface chemical composition and wettability of the oil sand solids and bitumen was studied by contact angle measurement, film flotation technique, XPS analysis, and ellipsometry thickness measurement. It was found that mild bitumen oxidation occurred during ore weathering. However, it has negligible effect on the bitumen surface wettability. In contrast, weathering forced more organic matters to adsorb onto the mineral solid surfaces, which made the solids more hydrophobic. A mechanism on how the organic matters adsorb on the solid surface due to weathering was put forward. The loss of the formation water due to weathering resulted in an intimate contact of bitumen with the mineral solids and thus offered the opportunity for the organic matters to adsorb, which was responsible for the enrichment of organic matters on the mineral solid surface. It was further observed that hot water washing partially removed the organic matters from the solids surface and hence decreased the solids hydrophobicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".