Effect of Demulsifier Properties on Destabilization of Water-in-Oil Emulsion
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Demulsification of water-in-bitumen emulsion was studied using 52 nonionic surfactants of different chemical families. Relative solubility number (RSN) and molecular weight were determined for these demulsifiers. Their dewatering performance was evaluated by determining the rate of water separation during gravitational settling and centrifugation. The results indicated that there is no overall correlation between demulsification performance and RSN value. However, within a given surfactant family, such as polymerized polyols, oxyalkylated alkylphenol formadehyde resins, and oxyalkylated alkyl resins, the degree of demulsification was found to correlate with the RSN value. A maximum of dewatering performance was observed in a specific RSN range for two surfactant families. Molecular weight also showed a significant effect on demulsification performance. Surfactants with low molecular weight (<4000) did not break the emulsion in dosages of 300−400 ppm regardless of RSN value. For the water-in-bitumen emulsion studied in this work, the most effective demulsifiers are those with RSN values between 7.5 and 12.5 and molecular weights between 7500 and 15000.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it