Abnormal Gastrointestinal Histopathology in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:: The significance of the association between many gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies and autism has yet to be discovered. The aim of the present study was to review available evidence documenting any link between autism and GI histopathology in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: In a systematic review, the following sources were searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1980-August week 2, 2009), EMBASE (1980-August week 2, 2009), PubMed (last 180 days), Web of Science, and Scopus, using the terms "autism" or "autistic spectrum disorder" and "intestinal" or "gastrointestinal" or "colitis." In addition, relevant studies were identified through browsing the reference lists of the included articles for relevant citations. All children younger than 18 years old with autistic spectrum disorder who were examined for abnormal GI histopathology were included. Cohort studies published in the English language, reporting GI histopathological examination findings in children with autism, were included. Two independent authors performed data extraction. The methodological quality of each trial was assessed. RESULTS:: Eight studies have reported the histopathological features of the GI tract in children with autism and fulfilled inclusion criteria. In general, none of these trials appeared to be of high quality. Apart from intestinal lymphonodular hyperplasia, the majority of these findings were not consistent. CONCLUSIONS:: GI pathological findings in children with autism have been inconsistent. The present available evidence does not support or refute a link between GI histopathology and autism in children. The significance of intestinal lymphonodular hyperplasia in these children is unknown. Large properly designed prospective controlled trials addressing this issue are required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".