Piezoelectric paper for physical sensing applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have developed robust and mechanically flexible piezoelectric paper. The fabrication process involves functionalization of barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanostructures onto wood fibers, followed by activation in a suspension of the commercially available paper-strength-enhancing additive, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), which improves fiber-fiber bonding. This leads to piezoelectric paper with both high tensile strength and flexibility. We have investigated the effect of CMC concentration (2-6 wt%) on the tensile properties of the paper and found the highest tensile strength at 6wt% CMC. This piezoelectric paper has the largest piezoelectric coefficient reported for paper to date (d33= 37 - 45.7 ± 4.2 pC/N) and is comparable to that of commercially available piezoelectric polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride with d33= 30 pC/N. In addition, we have demonstrated the application of this paper as a tactile sensor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".