Extraction of Potassium and/or Magnesium from Selected Soil Minerals by Piloderma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Piloderma is a broad host range ectomycorrhizal fungal genus that may benefit conifer growth through increased soil nutrient availability via enhanced soil mineral weathering. In an in vitro study, we investigated the ability of Piloderma to extract K and/or Mg from three soil minerals commonly found in soils of central British Columbia: biotite, microcline, and chlorite. The growth, hyphal morphology, and chemical composition were compared among Piloderma grown for 110 days in media optimized for fungal growth as well as in media where K and/or Mg were supplied from biotite, microcline, and chlorite. Piloderma grown in treatments with low K showed fibrillar growths, hyphal swellings, and hyphae devoid of ornamentation, possibly indicating nutrient deficiency. Differences were found in growth rates, morphologies, and Mg content in hyphae grown in chlorite and biotite treatments, suggesting that Mg was limiting to the normal growth of Piloderma . Energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that Piloderma extracted significantly more K from biotite than from microcline. The high Ca and O content of hyphal ornamentation were mainly composed of Ca-oxalate crystals. The study indicated that K and Mg are essential for vigorous Piloderma growth and that Piloderma may provide more available K to host plant through accelerated weathering of biotite, compared to microcline and chlorite sources. The differences were attributed to the ability of Piloderma to efficiently extract K from the interlayer of biotite. However, the exact mechanism by which Piloderma supplies plant roots with K extracted from biotite is still largely unknown. Keywords: Ectomycorrhizae Biotite Microcline Chlorite
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".