Impaired Peripheral Vascular Function Contributes to Reduced Skeletal Muscle Endurance in Individuals with Heart Failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Individuals with ischemic heart failure (IHF) have a lower peak aerobic power (VO2seak) compared to individuals with non-ischemic heart failure (NIHF). The mechanism responsible for this finding may be related to differences in peripheral vascular and skeletal muscle function. PURPOSE: The objective of this investigation was to examine the effect of heart failure etiology on upper extremity peripheral vascular endothelial function and skeletal muscle endurance in individuals with IHF and NIHF. METHODS: The participants consisted of 42 clinically stable (NYHA class I to III) individuals with heart failure (IHF, n = 19, age (mean±SD): 67±8 years; NIHF, n = 23, age: 57±12 years). VO2eakwas obtained during a symptom-limited cycle exercise test. Brachial artery endothelial function was measured using the flow-mediated dilation procedure. Upper extremity muscular endurance was assessed by the number of repetitions performed at 80% of maximal muscular strength using the chest press exercise. RESULTS: IHF patients were older (p = 0.002) and had lower VO2seak (IHF: 13.9±5.1 vs. NIHF: 18.7±5.6 ml/kg/min; p = 0.007) compared to NIHF patients. In addition, IHF patients had reduced endothelium-dependent (IHF: 2.5±5.1%vs. NIHF: 5.9±5.4%; p = 0.043) and endothelium-independent dilation (IHF: 9.2±7.2%vs. NIHF: 15.5±7.5%; p = 0.010) implying a greater impairment of both endothelial and smooth muscle cell function, compared to NIHF patients. Moreover, IHF patients had reduced skeletal muscle endurance compared to NIHF patients (IHF: 5.3±2.3 vs. NIHF: 6.7±2.3 repetitions; p = 0.093). Endothelium-dependent, but not endothelium-independent, dilation was significantly correlated to upper extremity skeletal muscle endurance in all patients (r = .395; p = 0.014) as well as in IHF patients only (r = 0.508; p = 0.053). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with IHF have a greater impairment in upper extremity peripheral vascular endothelial function and reduced skeletal muscle endurance compared to NIHF patients. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to impaired skeletal muscle endurance in our sample of heart failure patients, suggesting that vascular abnormalities may in part explain reduced exercise tolerance in IHF compared to NIHF patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".