Sol–Gel‐Derived, Calcium‐Based, Copper‐Functionalised CO<sub>2</sub> Sorbents for an Integrated Chemical Looping Combustion–Calcium Looping CO<sub>2</sub> Capture Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Using a sol–gel technique, new copper‐functionalised, calcium‐based CO2 sorbents were developed to integrate chemical looping combustion into the calcium looping scheme. In this process, the exothermic reduction of copper oxide with methane, carbon monoxide or hydrogen is used to provide the heat required to calcine (regenerate) calcium carbonate. The materials contained CuO and CaO in a molar ratio of either 1.3:1 or 3.3:1, were supported on Al2O3, MgO or MgAl2O4 and were characterised by means of X‐ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, scanning electron microscopy and temperature‐programmed reduction. All materials, independent of the precursors and support material used, possessed excellent cyclic oxygen‐carrying capacities. However, it was found that the presence of magnesium in the support stabilised the CO2 uptake and minimised carbon deposition. CuCa‐MgAl‐1.3:1 was the material that possessed the highest CO2 uptake of 0.13 g gmaterial−1 after 15 cycles of repeated carbonation/calcination–redox reactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".