Progress of Sulfation in Highly Sulfated Particles of Lime
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulfation of limestone-derived particles over periods of many hours may contribute significantly to limestone's utilization in fluidized-bed combustion (FBC). Long-term sulfation may also cause agglomeration. The progress of sulfation in highly sulfated particles of a calcined limestone is investigated. Conversion curves lasting 14−60 h have been obtained in a thermobalance at different SO 2 concentrations with particle sizes and temperatures typical of FBC boilers. Also, tests in a tube furnace under very strong sulfation conditions have been performed to elucidate the mechanism responsible for the residual activity of the sorbents and their final fate as fully sulfated solids. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the highly sulfated samples shows cracks in the external surface of all of the particles, irrespective of their sulfation pattern during their fast sulfation period. Based on this observation, a shrinking-core model is used to fit the thermogravimetric analysis curves with an adjustable cracking constant. This simple model gives a satisfactory fit up to conversions close to the full sulfation of the particle. However, in samples allowed to agglomerate, the onset of agglomeration must produce a drastic change in the effective particle size; this explains deviations of the model from results obtained with real ashes in very long sulfation tests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".