Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flow through a minichannel with a square cross-sectional shape whose center-line follows a wavy path has been numerically studied. The wavy center-line path is defined by a series of circular arcs. Now when a fluid flows through such a wavy channel unsteady flow can develop at Reynolds numbers that are far below the value at which transition to turbulence occurs. The development of this unsteadiness can lead to increases in the pressure losses in the channel and to significant increases in the heat transfer rate when the channel wall is heated or cooled. To study the conditions under which unsteady flow develops with a wavy, circular arc center-line shape attention has been given to flow through a channel system in which there is a short straight entrance section followed by a wavy channel section with four full waves followed by a short straight outlet section. It has been assumed that the flow is incompressible and that there is no slip at the channel walls. The unsteady form of the governing equations have been written in dimensionless form and solved using a commercial finite-element based software package, FIDAP. The solution has the following parameters: the Reynolds number, the Prandtl number, and the dimensionless radius of the wavy portion of the channel system. Results have only been obtained for a Prandtl number 0.7 for Reynolds numbers of between 10 and 500 for various dimensionless wave radii. The solution shows that steady exists at low Reynolds numbers but that at a critical Reynolds unsteady flow exists, this critical Reynolds number depending on the dimensionless wave radius. The major concern in this work is with defining the conditions under which this unsteady flow develops and with the effect of the development of this unsteadiness on the pressure drop in the channel system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".