Adiponectin, acylation stimulating protein and complement C3 are altered in obesity in very young children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. This, in turn, is associated with chronic disease risk factors including hyperlipidaemia. The aim of the present study was to examine adiponectin, acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) and its precursor, complement C3, in very young obese and nonobese children and the corresponding associations with plasma lipid and lipoproteins. All three adipose tissue secreted factors are involved in fat metabolism, and little is known of the levels in very young children. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 124 healthy children from 2 to 6 years old were evaluated for weight, height, plasma lipids and adipokines. Based on percentage ideal body weight (%IBW), 60 children were nonobese and 64 were overweight/obese. RESULTS: ASP and C3 were significantly increased (P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001, respectively) in obese vs. nonobese, and this pattern held true when separated in three age groups: toddler (2-3 years), preschool (4-5 years) and primary school (6 years). By contrast, adiponectin was significantly decreased (P = 0.04). When separated based on a positive family history of obesity, ASP was increased (P = 0.005). Other than a small (23.4%) increase in plasma triglyceride, all other lipids [cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and nonesterified fatty acids] were normal. ASP, C3 and adiponectin were strongly correlated with %IBW (r = 0.515, P < 0.0001; r = 0.383, P < 0.0001; r = -0.211, P = 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in plasma adipokines are seen in very young obese children in the absence of lipid changes. These changes in ASP, C3 and adiponectin in very young obese children may predispose towards enhanced fat storage (ASP) and decreased fat oxidation (adiponectin) further driving the obesity profile.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".