A comparison of CuO and Cu2O hole-injection layers for low voltage organic devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cu 2 O and CuO have been grown with an aim to reduce junction electrical resistance when interfaced with N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-1,1′ biphenyl 4,4′-diamine (NPB). Organic light-emitting diodes employing Cu/CuO anodes have equivalent driving voltages as devices made with indium tin oxide. Hole-injection barriers are calculated from current-voltage characteristics of CuO/NPB/Cu and Cu2O/NPB/Cu devices via theoretical simulation. Photoelectron spectroscopies are used to measure oxide valence band spectra, interfacial dipole formation, and band bending during in situ sequential deposition of NPB on each oxide. Calculated hole-injection barriers and those derived from photoemission results accord well, explaining the superior hole injection at the CuO-NPB interface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".