Structures of haemoglobin from woolly mammoth in liganded and unliganded states
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The haemoglobin (Hb) of the extinct woolly mammoth has been recreated using recombinant genes expressed in Escherichia coli. The globin gene sequences were previously determined using DNA recovered from frozen cadavers. Although highly similar to the Hb of existing elephants, the woolly mammoth protein shows rather different responses to chloride ions and temperature. In particular, the heat of oxygenation is found to be much lower in mammoth Hb, which appears to be an adaptation to the harsh high-latitude climates of the Pleistocene Ice Ages and has been linked to heightened sensitivity of the mammoth protein to protons, chloride ions and organic phosphates relative to that of Asian elephants. To elucidate the structural basis for the altered homotropic and heterotropic effects, the crystal structures of mammoth Hb have been determined in the deoxy, carbonmonoxy and aquo-met forms. These models, which are the first structures of Hb from an extinct species, show many features reminiscent of human Hb, but underline how the delicate control of oxygen affinity relies on much more than simple overall quaternary-structure changes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it