Airway Hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and Markers of Inflammation or Remodelling in Swimmers and Winter athletes.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Elite winter athletes and swimmers are the two populations showing the highest prevalence of exercise-induced asthma. Measures of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the issue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) may reflect the balance between airway inflammatory and remodelling processes in asthma. OBJECTIVES: Analyse the MMP-9 over TIMP-1 ratio in regard to the presence of AHR in swimmers versus winter athletes. HYPOTHESIS: The presence of AHR might be associated with a different inflammatory/remodelling profile in our two athletes groups. METHODS: Elite swimmers (n=17; 18.5±2.3 years) and elite winter athletes (n=12;19.2±1.9 years) paired for age, weight and height completed methacholine and eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) challenges and had a blood sample. -MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Eighty two percent of the swimmers had a positive bronchoprovocation test that could suggest the presence of asthma versus 42% in winter athletes. There were no differences in the total number of blood inflammatory cells in the two groups. No difference was observed in regard to blood MMP-9 or MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in the two populations. The mean MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was 2.01 ± 1.1 in swimmers and 3.1 ± 1.7 in winter athletes. TIMP-1 was significantly higher in swimmers (211.8 ± 15.3 ng.ml−1 versus 179.2 ± 16.9 ng.ml−1 in winter athletes, respectively; p<0.0001). Whatever the population, MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were not correlated to blood inflammatory cells, neither to methacholine PC20. TIMP-1 values were significantly correlated to EVH fall in FEV1 in swimmers only (p<0.05) and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and MMP-9 were correlated to EVH fall in FEV1 in winter athletes only (p<0.05). In the whole group of athletes, TIMP-1 correlated to EVH fall in 1 (p<0.01) and methacholine PC20 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results may suggest that in winter athletes, the development of AHR may be more closely related to inflammatory processes, while remodelling would be more predominant in swimmers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".