Regulation of cartilage formation and maturation by mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The majority of bones comprising the adult vertebrate skeleton are generated from hyaline cartilage templates that form during embryonic development. A process known as endochondral ossification is responsible for the conversion of these transient cartilage anlagen into mature, calcified bone. Endochondral ossification is a highly regulated, multistep cell specification program involving the initial differentiation of prechondrogenic mesenchymal cells into hyaline chondrocytes, terminal differentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into hypertrophic chondrocytes, and finally, apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes followed by bone matrix deposition. Recently, extensive research has been carried out describing roles for the three major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38, and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways, in the successive stages of chondrogenic differentiation. In this review, we survey this research examining the involvement of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK pathway signaling in all aspects of the chondrogenic differentiation program from embryonic through postnatal stages of development. In addition, we summarize evidence from in vitro studies examining MAPK function in immortalized chondrogenic cell lines and adult mesenchymal stem cells. We also provide suggestions for future studies that may help ameliorate existing confusion concerning the specific roles of MAPK signaling at different stages of chondrogenesis.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".