In vivo combined photoacoustic and Doppler ultrasound imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The long-term goal of our research is to develop photoacoustic and Doppler ultrasound imaging methods for noninvasive estimation of the oxygen consumption rate (MRO2) in vivo. Previously, we have demonstrated a combined photoacoustic and high-frequency Doppler ultrasound system and shown the feasibility of flow velocity and oxygen saturation (sO2) estimation using double-ink flow phantoms. In this work, the results of in vitro sheep blood experiments are presented. Blood oxygen flux has been estimated at different sO2 levels and mean flow speeds, and the uncertainty of the measurement has been quantified. In vivo experiments have been performed on Swiss Webster mice to provide coregistered photoacoustic and Doppler flow images with imaging depths of ~2mm. Doppler bandwidth broadening technique has been used to obtain transverse flow velocity. The diameter of the blood vessel is ~500μm and the mean flow speed is 15cm/s. We are working towards sO2 estimation in vivo and 3D oxygen consumption imaging of tumors at depths beyond OR-PAM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".