Differences Between Direct (Anthropometric) and Indirect (Cephalometric) Measurements of the Skull
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study sought to determine the relative reliability of indirect cephalometric measurements and direct anthropometric ones taken in norma frontalis of 25 dry adult human skulls. Six of the 11 linear projective measurements were singular and located in the orbital, middle, and lower parts of the face, with two from each part. Two of the five paired measurements were taken in the orbital region on both sides, and the other three were taken in the middle to lower face between the midpoint of the facial axis and the landmarks lateral to it. Both singular and paired cephalometric distances were significantly shorter than the anthropometric distances. Mean numerical differences were much greater in paired measurements than in singular ones. The differences between these two sets of findings are a result of the uneven position of the landmarks used for measurement, located, as they are, on different planes of the face. These differences are undetectable by two-dimensional cephalograms.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it