Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most contemporary studies of immigrant integration take place in the context of stable, strong, and relatively centralized states able to craft policies and see them enacted. In contrast, this article considers immigrant integration in an emerging state – the early Dutch Republic, a political entity whose legitimacy was confirmed only later with the Peace of Westphalia, the treaty that arguably established the institution of state sovereignty. A confederation of 7 of the 17 Netherlandic provinces, the boundaries of the new republic were unsettled and a distinct national consciousness was lacking. But despite its tenuous early existence, the Dutch Republic became a major destination for immigrants. The reconquest of Antwerp by the Spanish sent migrants from the southern provinces, mainly Protestants whose numbers would grow to approximately one-tenth the new republic's population. They were joined by Jews from Portugal and elsewhere and religious and economic migrants chiefly from Germany, Scotland, and Scandinavia and, later, Huguenots from France. The immigrants settled mainly in the cities; the Dutch Republic overtook northern Italy as the most urbanized region in Europe, with immigrants comprising half the population of many cities. A multivalent inquiry that includes gender is critical for understanding immigrant integration in the Dutch Republic. I argue that attracting and integrating immigrants simultaneously ushered in the Dutch “Golden Age” and helped create the (nation-)state.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".