Mobility of dinoflagellates measured by high-frequency ultrasound
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The importance of phytoplankton contributing more than 50% of the global amount of photosynthesis has been emphasized for a long time. Sometimes, the over-growth of phytoplankton causes the negative influence such as red-tide phenomenon on marine ecological environments. Therefore, the measurement of the mobility of phytoplankton is important. In this study, the mobility of the benthic dinoflagellate, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt (A. Carterae) incubated by f/2 medium was investigated using high-frequency ultrasound. Backscattering signal from A. Carterae was measured for 2 s in every 2 min by a 40-MHz ultrasound transducer, and the integrated backscattering power calculation was followed. The mobility of A. carterae in response to the light was illustrated by M-mode image of the echoed signals. The mobility of A. carterae was estimated to about 0.4 mm/s for the upward movement in response to light, while its sedimentation rate was measured to about 0.1 mm/s in a dark environment. This study suggests that mobility of benthic dinoflagellates responding to light can be measured by M-mode imaging of high-frequency ultrasound. (This research was a part of the project titled “Measurement of cells division and photosynthesis of phytoplankton using ultrasound”, funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korean.)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".