Experimental Examination of the Structural Performance of Restrained HSS Steel Beams and their End Connections in Fire
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes a series of full-scale tests performed in the fire research facilities of Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. These tests are part of an experimental programme, whose objective is to investigate the structural performance of axially restrained tubular steel beams at elevated temperatures. The primary focus is to determine the effect of the beam end connections on the structural performance of the steel-frame assembly. Four unprotected steel-frame test assemblies, each composed of a hollow structural section (HSS) steel beam restrained between two HSS columns, were subjected to a standard fire while constantly loaded. The main parameters investigated were the end plate thickness and the degree of beam axial restraint. Two different end plate thicknesses were tested, 12.7 mm and 19.0 mm. The experimental results showed a considerable effect of the end plate thickness on the structural behaviour of the connection and the connected beam. Moreover, the fire tests have revealed different connection failure modes, such as excessive end plate deformations, column buckling, and bolts fracture.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it