The Research of Oxidation and Ignition Behaviour of Saturated Hydrocarbon Sample With Crude Oils Using TG/DTG and DTA Thermal Analysis Techniques
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Although many thermal analysis studies on both crude oils and oil-rock mixtures had been conducted, the fundamental and critical researches on oxidation and ignition behavior of pure hydrocarbon components of crude oil fractions under an oxidizing atmosphere are not documented before. This research is aimed at providing better understanding of oxidation behavior of fractions of crude oil, and then finds out an approach to improve ignition and accurate modeling for air injection processes by using the effects of individual fractions on whole oil combustion. In this research, Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis techniques, TG/DTG and DTA investigations on thermal fingerprinting effects of each pure paraffin sample, mixtures of different pure samples, and mixture pure samples with crude oil, on oxidation and ignition behavior were conducted. The results demonstrated that different paraffin samples show a great different contribution to low temperature oxidation reactions, high temperature oxidation reactions and heat generated. The fractions lighter than C16 will distillate before they reach low temperature oxidation reaction. Only low temperature exothermic activities are apparent for the fractions between the fractions between heavier than C16 and lighter than C26. The C26 and heavier fractions show both low and high temperature exothermic activities. Paraffin samples mainly contribute to low temperature exothermic activates, released more heat in low temperature ranges. The lower molecular weight sample shows lower onset temperature of oxidation reaction and show very rapidly reaction rate. With increasing of molecular weight, the exothermic peak temperatures both in low and high temperature regions shift to higher temperature, and more heat value released. When unreactive Oil B and reactive Oil C was mixed with a small amount of paraffin sample heavier than C26, both the crude oils of low temperature oxidation behavior can be intensified, with a greater magnitude of heat evolution, which is of potential to accelerate reaction and improve ignition. Introduction Air injection has been proven as a potential and viable process in improving oil recovery from several light oil reservoirs. When air is injected into an oil reservoir, the oxygen contained in the air reacts with the hydrocarbon in place, by various oxidation reaction schemes. Success of such a process depends mainly on the crude oil properties and rock properties as well as operational conditions. The oxidation behavior and the conditions typically favoring auto-ignition of crude oils are of utmost importance for light oil air injection. Theoretically, if the heat generated by the oxidation reactions can overcome the heat loss the surroundings, the formation will be brought up to the ignition temperature in certain period of time. Spontaneous ignition, being the simplest ignition method is favorable condition in success and economic air injection. However, because of the low initial temperature of the formation and the poor reactivity of the crude oil, the magnitude of time delay is often so great that spontaneous ignition is not economically attractive. Unfortunately, not any research about how to improve light oil spontaneous ignition in air injection were documented before. Crude oil oxidation and combustion has studied by various investigators. The methods of investigation are widely different.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".