Stress Intensification and Crack Growth in the Presence of Dents on Pipelines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Historically, ruptures in near-neutral pH SCC environments on gas transmission pipelines have been associated with some kind of stress raiser, generally the long-seam weld, corrosion, or dents/gouges. The current work provides an assessment of the effect of dents on environmental cracking. A dent assessment model was combined with a recently developed crack growth rate model to simulate crack growth in high-stressed areas caused by the presence of a dent. The work suggests that unrestrained dents (indenter removed) provide higher stresses and result in faster crack growth than restrained dents (indenter held in place). A dent in a lower ductility, higher strength X-65 steel further promoted the formation of high stresses and crack growth. Small crack growth and crack growth on gas lines, when governed by a strain rate based crack growth mechanism, may be less sensitive to dent parameters than crack growth governed by corrosion fatigue. It should be noted that neither the dent assessment model nor the crack growth model have been fully validated. Further work using elastic-plastic Finite Element Analysis is needed to determine more accurately the extent of stress intensification of a crack growing in or near a dent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".