Subspace Approach to Identification of Step-Response Model from Closed-Loop Data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigate direct estimation of step-response models from closed-loop data using subspace identification. Necessary information concerning impulse-response coefficients is embedded in subspace matrices. Therefore, the step-response coefficients can be directly obtained from this matrix by integration without the need of extracting state space models first, as the conventional subspace identification does. Since the estimated subspace matrix contains more than one set of impulse-response coefficients, a question arises about how to best synthesize them to obtain an optimal estimate of the impulse-response coefficients and subsequently the step-response coefficients. For this purpose, a reformulation of the subspace identification problem is required for which the variance of all elements in the related subspace matrix can be evaluated. The calculated variances are then used to perform a weighted averaging on the estimated impulse-response coefficients to attenuate the noise influence on the final step-response model estimation. Monte Carlo simulations and pilot-scale experiments are provided to illustrate the proposed method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".