Samba and the other sambas: Instrumentation in different forms of Brazil’s main musical genre
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to describe the instruments of the different forms of samba, their origin, and their uses, focusing on percussion instruments. Samba is a Brazilian popular genre that developed mainly during the 20th century, though being deeply rooted in the precedent centuries of colonization and metissage between the Portuguese colonizers and the Africans that were brought as slaves. From its origins to the present day, samba has branched into multiple forms and instrumentation. Perhaps the most famous samba form is the samba enredo. This type of samba accompanies the Carnival parade in Rio de Janeiro, and features hundreds of percussionists. Another possible samba group instrumentation can be as simple as a single voice and a matchbox played by the singer. Between these two extremes there are several possible formations for a samba group, depending on the social context and function in which it occurs. Different group formations sometimes imply different song forms. Examples include samba de roda (i.e., circle samba), samba de gafieira (i.e., ballroom samba), and samba-cancao (i.e., samba ballad), among others. Some instruments will be available for attendees to try during the conference.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".