Muscle Power Compensatory Mechanisms in Below-Knee Amputee Gait
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This three-dimensional and bilateral gait study on five below-knee amputees was undertaken to demonstrate the following: (1) how hip muscle powers can compensate for the lack of ankle function on the amputated side; and (2) how these compensatory mechanisms can influence muscle power activities in the sound limb. DESIGN: Gait data were assessed by an eight-camera high-speed video system synchronized to two force plates. The three-dimensional mechanical muscle powers were calculated at the joints of the lower limbs. Significant differences between each limb were determined using the Student's t test for paired data with P < 0.05. RESULTS: In the absence of ankle plantar flexor power, hip extensors and flexors as well as hip external rotators became the major power generators, whereas hip abductors and adductors and knee extensors muscle powers became the main source of absorption. For the sound limb, increased hip extensor activity was observed, accompanied by less hip abduction-adduction activity. CONCLUSIONS: Perturbations in below-knee amputee gait affected the hip muscle powers on the amputated side in all three planes, although the hip frontal plane balance was modified in the sound limb.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".