Electroplating of Nanocrystalline CoFeNi Soft Magnetic Thin Films from a Stable Citrate-Based Bath
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CoFeNi alloys are some of the most studied soft magnetic materials because of their superior properties over FeNi alloys as write head core materials in hard-disk-drives. Electroplating processes have major significance in the fabrication of thin-film recording heads due to their advantages of simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and controllable patterning. Conventional low pH (2.5−3.0) baths suffer from problems such as poor stability, low current density efficiency, and voids in deposited films due to the electroplating of hydrogen. A new, stable citrate-based bath has been developed in this study. Citrate can effectively improve the stability of CoFeNi plating baths, and denser CoFeNi films can be plated out because of the higher bath pH (>5). The effects of bath composition and plating conditions on the electroplating of CoFeNi thin films have been studied. CoFeNi thin films with preferred composition, mixed fcc-bcc phases, and 10−20 nm grain sizes have been plated out from the new citrate-based bath.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".