Steady-state concentrations of carbonate radicals in field waters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The carbonate radical [•CO−3] is a secondary radical that results from the scavenging of hydroxyl radical (•OH) by carbonate/bicarbonate. N,N-dimethylaniline was found to be a selective probe for measuring the steady-state concentration of this radical in a variety of natural waters. The pH, nitrate, total carbonate/bicarbonate, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in selected field waters were quantitatively analyzed. It was assumed that hydroxyl radicals were produced primarily from the slow photolysis of nitrate and DOC and then were scavenged by carbonate/bicarbonate that were competing with DOC. Steady-state carbonate radical concentrations [•CO−3]ss in natural waters were measured by irradiating solutions of natural waters containing N,N-dimethylaniline in a photoreactor with varying intensity as well as using natural sunlight. The measured steady-state concentration of carbonate radicals was found to be strongly dependent on light intensity and ranged from 5 × 10−15 to 10−13 M. Further kinetic analysis of the data showed that carbonate radical concentrations were related to the concentrations of nitrate and dissolved organic carbon in natural waters through a simple linear relationship.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".