Steady-state concentrations of carbonate radicals in field waters
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The carbonate radical [•CO−3] is a secondary radical that results from the scavenging of hydroxyl radical (•OH) by carbonate/bicarbonate. N,N-dimethylaniline was found to be a selective probe for measuring the steady-state concentration of this radical in a variety of natural waters. The pH, nitrate, total carbonate/bicarbonate, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in selected field waters were quantitatively analyzed. It was assumed that hydroxyl radicals were produced primarily from the slow photolysis of nitrate and DOC and then were scavenged by carbonate/bicarbonate that were competing with DOC. Steady-state carbonate radical concentrations [•CO−3]ss in natural waters were measured by irradiating solutions of natural waters containing N,N-dimethylaniline in a photoreactor with varying intensity as well as using natural sunlight. The measured steady-state concentration of carbonate radicals was found to be strongly dependent on light intensity and ranged from 5 × 10−15 to 10−13 M. Further kinetic analysis of the data showed that carbonate radical concentrations were related to the concentrations of nitrate and dissolved organic carbon in natural waters through a simple linear relationship.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it