A D-band PLL covering the 81–82 GHz, 86–92 GHz and 162–164 GHz bands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes the highest frequency PLL reported to date. It achieves the widest locking range and the lowest phase noise of −93.8 dBc/Hz at 90 GHz and 78.9 dBc/Hz at 163 GHz, both measured at a 100-kHz offset. The PLL was fabricated in a 0.13-µm SiGe BiCMOS process and covers the 81–82 GHz, 86–92 GHz, and 162–164 GHz bands. It integrates on a single die a fundamental-frequency 86–92 GHz Colpitts VCO, a differential push-push 160-GHz Colpitts VCO with quadrature outputs at 80 GHz, a programmable divider chain, charge-pump, and all loop filter components. The single-ended PLL output power is −3 dBm at 90 GHz and −25 dBm at 164 GHz and consumes 1.25 W from 1.8-V, 2.5-V and 3.3-V supplies. The chip occupies 1.1mm × 1.7mm including pads.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".