Characterization of 100-kHz Noise in the Lightning Current Derivative Signals Measured at the CN Tower
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Successful simultaneous measurements of the current derivative, the generated electromagnetic field, and the channel characteristics of CN Tower lightning strikes have been performed since 1991. A noise component in the lightning current derivative signals, oscillating around 100 kHz, has caused substantial limitations on the use of recorded lightning current data. The characterization and identification of noise has become necessary for its removal and possibly avoiding it altogether in future installations. This paper proves that this noise corrupting the current waveforms is the Loran-C signal. Loran-C is a radionavigation system using the frequency band of 90-110 kHz. Although it is known that lightning is the main source of noise in the reception of Loran-C, it is shown here that Loran-C signals are the source of a low-frequency noise corrupting the lightning current derivative measured at the CN Tower. This finding is a major contribution not only for the CN Tower lightning project but also for any other research related to the measurement of the lightning current at tall structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".