Characterization of 100-kHz Noise in the Lightning Current Derivative Signals Measured at the CN Tower
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Successful simultaneous measurements of the current derivative, the generated electromagnetic field, and the channel characteristics of CN Tower lightning strikes have been performed since 1991. A noise component in the lightning current derivative signals, oscillating around 100 kHz, has caused substantial limitations on the use of recorded lightning current data. The characterization and identification of noise has become necessary for its removal and possibly avoiding it altogether in future installations. This paper proves that this noise corrupting the current waveforms is the Loran-C signal. Loran-C is a radionavigation system using the frequency band of 90-110 kHz. Although it is known that lightning is the main source of noise in the reception of Loran-C, it is shown here that Loran-C signals are the source of a low-frequency noise corrupting the lightning current derivative measured at the CN Tower. This finding is a major contribution not only for the CN Tower lightning project but also for any other research related to the measurement of the lightning current at tall structures.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it