Recognition of disease-specific patterns in FT-IR spectra of human sera
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vibrational spectra in the mid-IR region show significant and reproducible correlation with the disease state of the blood donor. When focusing our 'disease pattern recognition (DPR)' approach onto the example of diabetes mellitus we can clearly separate samples obtained from healthy volunteers from those samples which organized from diabetes patients. Furthermore, we are able to differentiate between samples of type-1 diabetics and type-2 diabetics. For disease pattern recognition we use linear and/or regularized discriminant analysis. In a binary, supervised classification of an pair of the three disease states: healthy, diabetes type-1 and diabetes type-2, we consistently achieve sensitivities and specificities >= 80 percent. By setting stricter bounds on the range of acceptable probabilities of belonging to a certain class, we obtain even higher values for the sensitivity and the specificity on the expense of the fraction of 'crisply' classified samples. Since we are able to simultaneously quantify the concentrations of biochemical serum components like glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides from the identical set of spectra with regression coefficients > 90 percent, our approach allows for a direct cross-link between the molecule-based and the disease-based interpretation of the spectra.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".