Experimental Investigation of Surfactant Partition in Heavy Oil/Water/Sand Systems
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Surfactant adsorption on reservoir rocks or sands is one of the major factors that may significantly reduce the effectiveness of an alkaline/surfactant flood for oil recovery. It is difficult to determine the surfactant adsorption by measuring the difference between surfactant concentrations before and after adsorption when the water phase contains fine oil drops. In this study, an extraction method was used to quantitatively determine the adsorptions of surfactant on sand and at oil-water interfaces in an alkaline/surfactant flood for heavy oil recovery. Experimental results showed that the formation of emulsions dramatically reduced surfactant loss to sand surface. The adsorptions of surfactant on sand and at oil-water interface were determined under various alkaline concentrations and salinities. The results provide useful information for evaluating and predicting surfactant adsorption in alkaline/surfactant flooding for enhanced heavy oil recovery.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it